Main Article Content
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a prevalent urological condition affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by the crystallization of minerals within the renal collecting system, nephrolithiasis significantly impacts patient quality of life due to its high recurrence rate and association with systemic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. Recent advancements in nephrolithiatic research have improved our understanding of its multifactorial etiology, encompassing genetic, metabolic, dietary, and environmental factors. These insights have paved the way for innovative diagnostic and
therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic advancements, including low-dose computed tomography (CT) scans and dual-energy imaging, now provide unparalleled accuracy in detecting and characterizing kidney stones. Additionally, biomarker identification and artificial intelligence-driven predictive modeling have enhanced the precision of risk assessment and personalized management strategies. Treatment modalities have evolved significantly, with minimally invasive techniques such as ureteroscopy, laser lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy becoming the gold standard. Pharmacological interventions, including thiazide diuretics and citrate therapy, complement surgical approaches by addressing underlying metabolic abnormalities. Prevention strategies, particularly personalized dietary modifications and hydration optimization, remain critical in reducing recurrence. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, management, and emerging therapies in nephrolithiasis. Emphasizing the integration of modern technologies and multidisciplinary approaches, it highlights the potential for innovative solutions to improve patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of this condition. These advancements mark a transformative phase in nephrolithiatic research, with promising implications for the future of urological care.