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Abstract
Clinical pharmacy is undergoing a profound transformation as it shifts from a product-oriented model to a patient-centered, technology-integrated discipline. The role of clinical pharmacists has expanded significantly beyond dispensing, encompassing medication therapy management, therapeutic monitoring, and involvement in multidisciplinary healthcare teams. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), telepharmacy, pharmacogenomics, and blockchain are revolutionizing how pharmacists deliver care. AI systems enhance decision-making by predicting adverse drug events, suggesting dose adjustments, and identifying drug interactions. Telepharmacy breaks down geographical barriers, providing pharmaceutical services to remote and underserved populations. Pharmacogenomics enables personalized drug therapy by aligning medications with individual genetic profiles. Wearable devices and mobile health applications improve chronic disease management and medication adherence, while blockchain ensures the security and traceability of medical data and pharmaceuticals. These advancements position pharmacists at the forefront of precision healthcare. However, challenges such as regulatory gaps, ethical concerns, and infrastructure limitations must be addressed for widespread adoption. This review explores the multifaceted innovations transforming clinical pharmacy and their implications for future practice.