International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR)

A Comparative Clinical Investigation Among Capsofungin And Micafungin For Treatment Of Candidiasis

Noor Us Sabah, A. Venkateshwar Reddy, Ayesha Fatima — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the factors contributing to poor academic performance in the English language among secondary school students in Dutse Local Government Area, Jigawa State, Nigeria. English serves as the official language and medium of instruction in Nigerian schools, making proficiency critical to academic success. Despite its importance, many students struggle to perform adequately. The research adopts a descriptive survey design to explore root causes such as insufficient exposure to English outside the classroom, inadequate teaching methods, lack of instructional materials, and poor language foundation from primary education. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to students and teachers across selected schools. The study reveals that many students face challenges due to limited vocabulary, poor reading habits, and minimal parental support. Teachers also report large class sizes and insufficient training as obstacles. Recommendations include improved teacher training, provision of adequate learning resources, increased student engagement with English through extracurricular activities, and stronger parental involvement. Addressing these issues holistically is crucial for enhancing English proficiency and overall academic achievement.

Recent Innovations in Decentralized Clinical Trails Advancing Access and efficiency In Global Studies

Neelima Lunjala, Manogna Vakkala, Satish Kumar Vemavarapu — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The evolution of clinical trials has been significantly accelerated by the integration of digital technologies, giving rise to Decentralized Clinical Trials (DCTs). These digitally enabled trials offer a modern alternative to traditional site based research by incorporating tools like telemedicine, wearable devices, mobile health applications, and remote monitoring systems. DCTs enhance patient access, engagement, and data collection, making research more inclusive and representative, especially for marginalized populations. The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed the adoption of virtual healthcare, highlighting the potential of DCTs in ensuring trial continuity under challenging circumstances. Digital health technologies (DHTs) provide continuous, real world data that improve the precision of disease monitoring and outcome measurement. Innovations such as the digital twin model and blockchain based platforms further strengthen data integrity, transparency and regulatory compliance. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) optimize trial designs and recruitment, while telemedicine and mobile apps enhance convenience and adherence. Despite their many advantages including cost efficiency, scalability and improved data quality DCTs face limitations such as technological disparities, data privacy concerns and operational complexities. As regulatory frameworks evolve to support these advancements, DCTs are poised to become the future of clinical research, transforming the way treatments are developed, validated and delivered to diverse patient populations.

Review On Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Trial Design and Optimization: Current Trends and Future Directions

Ch. Bijayalaxmi, Satish Kumar Vemavarapu — Thu, 29 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Clinical trials are crucial for advancements in medicine, but they are frequently costly, time-consuming, and prone to failure. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a game-changing technology that might completely change how clinical trials are designed and optimized. AI can improve patient recruitment, optimize trial protocols, enable adaptive designs, predict outcomes, and more effectively integrate real-world data by utilizing machine learning (ML) algorithms, natural language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics. This review explores the present applications of AI in clinical trial streamlining, discusses the challenges and ethical considerations, and examines future directions, such as the potential of in silico trials and digital twins.

Safety and Biocompatibility of Implantable Medical Devices: A Review of Current Testing Paradigms

Pydimalla Keerthi, Vuttukuru Srilatha, Vemavarapu Sathish Kumar — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Implantable medical devices represent a critical advancement in modern healthcare, offering therapeutic solutions for a wide range of clinical conditions. As these devices are designed for prolonged or permanent interaction with internal tissues, ensuring their safety and biocompatibility is paramount. This review provides an overview of current regulatory definitions and classifications of implantable devices, with a particular focus on frameworks established by the European Union and other international regulatory bodies. It further explores the concept of biocompatibility, including material considerations, selection criteria and the diverse range of natural and synthetic biomaterials used in device fabrication. A detailed examination of standardized biocompatibility testing methods is presented, based on the ISO 10993 series and related guidelines, encompassing cytotoxicity, sensitization, irritation, systemic toxicity, hemocompatibility, genotoxicity, and more. The review emphasizes the importance of both preclinical and post-market evaluations in ensuring long-term device performance and patient safety. Advances in biomaterials and testing technologies are also discussed, highlighting the shift towards risk-based assessments and reduction in animal testing. Overall, the review underscores the need for rigorous, context-specific evaluations to support the safe and effective integration of implantable medical devices into clinical practice.

PEGylated nanoparticles: Emerging Trends, Current Status and Influence of Surface-Modification for drug Targeting

Swapna Velivela, D. Varun , Veena Gadicherla, D. Naga Latha — Fri, 13 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Using polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance drug solubility, bioavailability, and immune response qualities, the study aims to analyze the advantages and difficulties of target-site drug delivery methods. This approach reduces reticuloendothelial system clearance, improves pharmacokinetics, lowers immunogenicity, and aids in the passage of medications across the blood-brain barrier. PEG and its derivatives are increasingly being employed to change medicinal molecules, providing a way around some of the problems with traditional drug formulations.

The review looks at several PEGylation strategies, including innovative techniques for reversing multi-drug resistance in nanocarriers. The immunogenic response to PEG, commonly known as "anti-PEG antibodies," and stability issues that necessitate the development of countermeasures are among the disadvantages of PEGylation despite its many advantages. Listing FDA-approved PEGylated drugs and highlighting their therapeutic benefits and clinical applications across a variety of medical disciplines takes up a significant portion of the study.

The study also looks extensively at PEG's safety and efficacy in drug formulations, as well as the regulatory framework surrounding it. The review covers lipid-based nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), Gold Nanoparticles and DEP® Technology (PEGylated Dendrimer Drug Delivery Platform) in addition to PEGylation. These nanocarriers are becoming increasingly important in drug delivery systems because they can encapsulate medications, enhance bioavailability, and target certain tissues or cells. This process ensures that the final product meets the necessary standards for quality, safety, and efficacy.

Effectiveness of exercise therapy with dry needling technique for trigeminal neuralgia- a scoping review

S. Jeyakumar, Rajasekar, S Senthil Kumar — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This scoping review explores the current state of literature on exercise therapy in conjunction with dry needling for trigeminal neuralgia. Despite the recognized efficacy of exercise therapy and dry needling in various musculoskeletal conditions, their application for trigeminal neuralgia remains underexplored. The review underscores the urgent need for more extensive research, pointing out the limited number of articles identified. Recommendations for future studies include prioritizing larger sample sizes, adopting rigorous methodologies, and ensuring diverse participant populations to strengthen the evidence base. Diverse study designs, encompassing randomized controlled trials, longitudinal studies, and qualitative research, are encouraged to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and limitations of exercise therapy with dry needling. Interdisciplinary collaboration involving neurologists, pain specialists, physical therapists, and researchers is deemed essential to design and implement effective exercise therapy protocols, acknowledging the complexity of trigeminal neuralgia. Long-term follow-up assessments are proposed to evaluate the sustained effects of interventions, contributing crucial insights for informing clinical practice. Emphasis on patient-centered outcomes, including pain intensity, quality of life, and patient satisfaction, is advocated to enhance the relevance and applicability of interventions. Limitations of the scoping review, such as the limited available literature, heterogeneity in study designs, publication bias, and variability in exercise protocols, are acknowledged. The importance of addressing safety concerns, especially when combining exercise therapy with dry needling, is highlighted. The review concludes with a call for future studies to address these recommendations and limitations, aiming for a more robust evidence base for the application of exercise therapy with dry needling in managing trigeminal neuralgia.

Evaluation of In Vitro Antiurolithiatic Activity and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves

S. Santhosh, R. Indumathy, J. Naveen, N. Lakshmi — Tue, 13 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigates the in vitro antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Urolithiasis, a prevalent and recurring urinary tract disorder, affects millions worldwide and has been linked to metabolic and lifestyle factors. Due to limitations and adverse effects associated with conventional treatments, alternative herbal therapies are gaining interest. In this study, Moringa oleifera leaves were collected, authenticated, and extracted using the Soxhlet method with ethanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, with the extract demonstrating IC₅₀ values of 71.31 μg/ml and 94.98 μg/ml, respectively, comparable to ascorbic acid. The antiurolithiatic activity was assessed through calcium oxalate aggregation assay, showing a maximum inhibition of 39.96% at 500 μg/ml. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds is believed to contribute significantly to the observed pharmacological effects. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera possesses substantial antioxidant and antiurolithiatic properties and could serve as a promising herbal remedy. Further in vivo and mechanistic studies are recommended to validate and understand its therapeutic role in urolithiasis management.