International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR)

Pharmacological Evaluation Of Anti Depressant Activity Of Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerin Leaves In Animal Models

MD. Safik Aziz Laskar — 2025-01-17

The objective was to investigate the antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerinin mice. To study the effect of Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerin on anti depressant activity of brain. The results from the present study confirm the antidepressant activity of hibiscus, since it reduced the immobility in both FST and TST. In the present study, Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerin is significantly increased the frequency of 5-HTP induced head twitches, Clonidine induced aggression and L-DOPA induced hyperactivity and aggressive behavior indicating its enhanced activity on serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways respectively. Our results also confirm the involvement of serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic path ways in depression. Pre treatment with hibiscus, also significantly increased the levels of SOD and Catalase with simultaneous decrease in LPO levels in mice brain, suggesting its strong antioxidant activity. Since oxidative stress is reported to play an important role in depression, the antioxidant activity of Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerin is might be a part of the mechanism for its antidepressant activity. Results from behavioral experiments indicate that the antidepressant activity of Alangium Salviifolium (L. F.) Wangerin is, might be due to the facilitatory effect on serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems apart from the anti depressant activity.

Nephroprotective Activity Of Heliotropium Indicum Extract On Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity In Rats

Thirunamala Vaiahnavi — 2025-01-17

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind and most cultures have long folk medicine histories that include the use of plants. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin that causes damage to the kidneys. To investigate the Nephroprotective activity of ethanol extract of Heliotropium indicum on Gentamicin induced Nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Gentamicin treatment caused Nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in blood urea, uric acid and Creatinine. Co-administration of extract with Heliotropium indicum decreased rise in blood urea, uric acid and Creatinine. Apart from these, histopathological changes also showed the protective nature of extract against Gentamicin induced necrotic damage of renal tissues. It was observed that the ethanol extract of conferred nephroprotective activity by histopathological and biochemical observation against Gentamicin induced Nephrotoxicity in rats. In the near future could constitute a lead to discovery of a novel drug for treatment of drug induced Nephrotoxicity.

A review on Antidiabetic nature of insulin plant (Costus ignues)

Hemant kumar singh — 2025-01-20

Medicinal plants have long been used as substitutes for prescription drugs. One of them is Costus igneus, a plant in the Costaceae family that is also referred to as the spiral flag or insulin plant. This plant is native to South and Central America, although it was just recently brought to India. Costus igneus is known for its capacity to nourish pancreatic beta cells and is frequently referred to as the "insulin plant" in India. With spiral-shaped leaves and eye-catching blossoms, this perennial, upright, spreading plant can grow up to two feet tall. Its medicinal usage has grown in prominence in recent years. The effectiveness of Costus igneus as an antidiabetic medication is highlighted in this review.

Latest trends in managing parkinson’s disease

G Sridhar Patwari — 2025-01-27

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that profoundly affects both motor and non-motor domains, resulting in a substantial decline in patients’ quality of life. Clinically, Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically presents with bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, although a range of non-motor symptoms including depression, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction can emerge over time. Despite levodopa remaining the mainstay of treatment, its long-term use often leads to complications such as dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. In recent years, advances in our understanding of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathophysiology particularly the aggregation of alpha-synuclein and the significance of neuroinflammation have paved the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting disease modification and neuroprotection. This review provides an extensive examination of the latest trends in managing Parkinson’s disease, covering both established pharmacological therapies (e.g., dopaminergic agents, MAO-B inhibitors, and iron chelators) and newer approaches (e.g., immunotherapies, wearable devices, and mobile applications). We also emphasize the importance of non-pharmacological interventions, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and cognitive training, in addressing the multidimensional impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Furthermore, integrative or holistic care models that combine lifestyle modifications, psychosocial support, and technology-driven monitoring are explored to offer a more comprehensive, patient-centered framework. By synthesizing current evidence, this manuscript underscores the need for multidisciplinary, individualized care for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and highlights avenues for future research that may reshape the treatment paradigm of this complex disorder.

Microbiome Dynamics: Impacts On Health, Disease And Future Therapeutic Approaches

Irulappan. K — 2025-02-23

The human microbiome, a dynamic and complex ecosystem of microorganisms living on and within the body, is increasingly recognized for its critical role in health and disease. This paper investigates the diverse functions of the microbiome, particularly its contributions to metabolic processes, immune system modulation and the development of various diseases. A significant focus is placed on the gut microbiome's influence on digestion, vitamin production and overall systemic health through metabolites like short-chain fatty acids. The skin, oral and urinary microbiomes are also explored for their contributions to disease prevention and immune function. The review provides a historical perspective on microbiome research, emphasizing the impact of advancements in metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics on our understanding of these microbial communities. Despite considerable progress, challenges persist in applying microbiome research to therapeutic contexts, given the complexity of microbial ecosystems, individual variability and technical limitations. The potential of microbiome-based therapies, such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants, in treating conditions ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to mental health issues is highlighted, alongside a discussion on the ethical implications of microbiome research. The paper concludes by discussing the role of personalized medicine, microbiome-based therapeutic discoveries and AI- driven microbiome sequencing in future treatments.

Antidiabetic Evaluation Of Ethanolic Extract Of Phyllanthus Retticulatus In Stz Induced Diabetic In Rats

S. Ganesh — 2025-03-05

The possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of P.retticultus leaves (EEPR) on diabetes and diabetes-induced oxidative stress was evaluated in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male adult wistar albino rats.. Experimental animals were divided into five groups viz., group-1 control normal saline, group-2 diabetic control, group-3 test dose for 200mg, group-4 test EEPR for 200mg/kg body weight,p.o, group-5 standard dose of glibenclamide0.5mg/kg,b.w.p.o. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in groups II and III mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body wt). Group I (control mice) received an equal volume of normal saline. Group III mice were further treated with EEPR (200 mg/kg body wt, p.o.) for a period of 21 days. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured at periodic intervals during the test period. At the end of treatment period, blood was collected by cardiac puncture under mild ether theo pental sodium and serum was isolated to analyze its lipid profile i.e. serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). The homogenates of hepatic, pancreatic and renal tissues were also analyzed for both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total protein (TP).

Nephrolithiatic Studies in the Modern Era: A Comprehensive Review

E. Nikhil Chakravarthy — 2025-03-10

Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a prevalent urological condition affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by the crystallization of minerals within the renal collecting system, nephrolithiasis significantly impacts patient quality of life due to its high recurrence rate and association with systemic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. Recent advancements in nephrolithiatic research have improved our understanding of its multifactorial etiology, encompassing genetic, metabolic, dietary, and environmental factors. These insights have paved the way for innovative diagnostic and

therapeutic approaches. Diagnostic advancements, including low-dose computed tomography (CT) scans and dual-energy imaging, now provide unparalleled accuracy in detecting and characterizing kidney stones. Additionally, biomarker identification and artificial intelligence-driven predictive modeling have enhanced the precision of risk assessment and personalized management strategies. Treatment modalities have evolved significantly, with minimally invasive techniques such as ureteroscopy, laser lithotripsy, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy becoming the gold standard. Pharmacological interventions, including thiazide diuretics and citrate therapy, complement surgical approaches by addressing underlying metabolic abnormalities. Prevention strategies, particularly personalized dietary modifications and hydration optimization, remain critical in reducing recurrence. This review explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics, management, and emerging therapies in nephrolithiasis. Emphasizing the integration of modern technologies and multidisciplinary approaches, it highlights the potential for innovative solutions to improve patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of this condition. These advancements mark a transformative phase in nephrolithiatic research, with promising implications for the future of urological care.

Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying Drug Abuse and Addiction: A Comprehensive Review

Garnepudi Sandeep Kumar — 2025-03-10

Drug abuse and addiction are complex disorders that involve both psychological and physiological components. The pharmacology of addiction focuses on how drugs interact with the brain's neurochemical pathways to induce changes in behavior, mood, and cognition. This review explores the mechanisms underlying drug abuse, the neuropharmacological basis of addiction, and current pharmacological interventions aimed at treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Understanding these processes is essential for developing effective strategies to combat addiction and reduce its societal impact.

Endoscopic approach as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in the management of lumbar spondylodiscitis

Ayush Sharma — 2025-03-10

Introduction: Spondylodiscitis (SD) is an infectious inflammation affecting the vertebrae, inter-vertebral discs, and surrounding structures, with increased prevalence post-COVID-19 due to factors like steroid use and immunocompromised conditions. Contrast-enhanced MRI is the standard imaging technique but has limitations, especially with negative blood cultures. Percutaneous endoscopic biopsy (PEB) has emerged as a promising alternative offering diagnostic accuracy, minimal radiation exposure, and therapeutic benefits.

Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care spinal center from June 2021 to June 2022, with Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Inclusion criteria included patients with clinico-radiological diagnosis of SD, while exclusion criteria included patients with neurological deficits or radiological signs of spinal instability. Blood samples and intra-operative endoscopic samples were collected for various analyses. Pre-operative and post-operative evaluations involved VAS (Visual Analog Scale) and ODI (Oswestry Disability Index) scores. Empirical antibiotics were administered and adjusted based on culture sensitivity reports. Follow- up included blood tests and MRI after 3 months, with specific monitoring for tuberculosis patients. PEBs were performed under local anesthesia, predominantly via the transforaminal approach.

Results: The study included 24 patients (14 males, 10 females) with an average age of 44.78 years. Preoperative VAS score was 7.77 ± 0.97, which significantly reduced to 3.78 ± 1.22 postoperatively (p=0.0002). ODI scores also improved significantly. The L4-L5 level was most commonly involved. Microbial identification was successful in 87.5% of cases, with Mycobacterium tuberculosis being the predominant pathogen. ESR and CRP levels normalized post-therapy, and only two patients required additional procedures.

Discussion: The post-COVID era has seen increased cases of SD due to overuse of steroids. PEB offers higher diagnostic yield compared to traditional methods like CT-guided biopsy. The minimally invasive nature of PEB is beneficial for immunocompromised patients, providing effective diagnosis and treatment with reduced risks. Limitations include small sample size and the need for specialized skills.

Conclusion: Endoscopic approaches provide better diagnostic yield and therapeutic benefits for treating spondylodiscitis compared to traditional methods.

Evaluation Of In Vitro Activity Of The Ethanolic Extract Of Asteracantha Longifolia (L.) Nees Seeds

Shamalar. S — 2025-03-10

Herbal medicine has played a vital role in traditional healthcare system, and plants like Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees being widely utilized for their therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the antidiabetic potential of A. longifolia seeds through in vitro assays targeting α-glucosidase and β-galactosidase enzymes. Extracts were prepared using petroleum ether and ethanol, followed by enzyme inhibition assays to measure their efficacy. The α-glucosidase inhibition assay revealed significant activity with the ethanolic extract, demonstrating an IC₅₀ value of 73.43 µg/ml compared to the standard drug, acarbose. Similarly, the β-galactosidase inhibition assay indicated substantial enzymatic inhibition, with an IC₅₀ value of 82.87 µg/ml. These findings scored the potential of A. longifolia as a safer and effective alternative in managing diabetes mellitus and advocate further exploration of its active constituents and mechanisms of action. Until date, the in vitro alpha glucosidase and beta galactosidase enzyme inhibition test have not been studied. Hence this study was particularly focused on these two-enzyme inhibition assay.

A Validation Parameters For The Simultaneous Estimation Of The Etoricoxib Tablet By Hplc Method

D. Jeevan Mani Babu — 2025-03-18

This method obeys Beers law in employed concentration range 2.4-12 µg/ml and 0.8-4 µg/ml for Pregabalin and Etoricoxib, respectively. The correlation coefficient of Etoricoxib was found to be 0.9993 and 0.9997, respectively. The retention time was 2.680 and 7.383 minutes. The percentage RSD for accuracy and precision was found to be less than 2%. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for its selectivity, specificity, system suitability, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, robustness, assay. The method was successfully employed for routine quality control analysis of Pregabalin and Etoricoxib in pharmaceutical formulation