International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR)

Antibiotic resistance in aquatic micro-organisms: The influence of heavy metals.

Shivam Choudghal — 2022-04-22

Antibiotic resistance and heavy metal pollution in water bodies are becoming more prominent concerns throughout the world, since heavy metal tolerance in bacteria is a contributing factor to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Recently, researchers established a link between heavy metal exposure and antibiotic resistance in bacteria; in both cases, similar mechanisms exist to allow bacteria to survive in adverse settings while producing antibiotic resistance. Several co-resistance mechanisms may be found on the same plasmid or genetic element, or they may be found on different chromosomal materials. Heavy metals are released into the environment by several industrial and domestic activities, which pollutes and contaminates land and water bodies. Heavy metal concentrations in bodies of water are continuing to grow, exposing the present bacterial variety to tolerance mechanisms and allowing them to develop a larger degree of resistance to heavy metals over time. When these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics in the future, they will activate and express previously developed mechanisms, which will enable them to survive at high dosages with relative ease in the future. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in aquatic bacteria is increasing, which may have ramifications for environmental, therapeutic, and drug development investigations, among other things.

In-vitro Pre Clinical Screening Methods and Treatment Therapies for Cancer: An Overview

Sumithira G — 2022-04-28

Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity world wide . Genetically altered cancer cell gets away from cell cycle and leads towards to cell death and immortal .The global burden of deadly cancer is expected to the 28.4 million 2040. Historical findings of cancer begins from Hippocrates and end with FDA approved chimaric antigen therapy .Over the centuries, pap test was the first cancer screening now it replaced by modern techniques. The various types reported cancers were carcinoma ,sarcoma, tumor , leukaemia, myeloma and malignancy .There are eight most common types of cancer and it can be detected by various methods which includes the physical and lab test. The preclinical invitro screening method is ideal for cancer research,screening the new drug and development of drug therapies.Still, there is continues need for better and innovative therapy. Previously the radiation and surgery for most used method to treat the cancer. In this article we aimed to discuss the history including screening,types of cancer,most common types of cancer,in-vitro pre clinical screening method and discussed the various therapies used for the cancer treatment.

A Review: Link between Chronic Liver Disease and COVID-19

Gurpreet Singh Multani — 2022-05-04

COVID-19 is characterized by the recently identified SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, that was originally surfaced at Wuhan, China, but soon expanded globally, posing a huge public health threat. In the same way as with severe acute respiratory is mostly a respiratory illness with symptoms such as cough, dyspnea and fever being the most often reported. Causes of acute syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, and death are all possible outcomes for patients who get pneumonia in the most extreme circumstances. Additionally, liver dysfunction has been noted as a frequent symptom, but its clinical importance is unknown, especially in individuals with underlying chronic liver illness. In the wake of the pandemic surge and subsequent lockdown, numerous medical ailments and illnesses have been impacted. Patient care for those with pre-existing liver illness, hepatocellular carcinoma, and those who have undergone or are scheduled to get a liver transplant has been altered because of the early ambiguity and concern about SARS-CoV-2 cross transmission. COVID-19 is a multisystem illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus strain. Pre-existing liver illness may reappear and produce acute liver damage. There have been several studies looking at the effects of COVID-19 on the liver and how it may be used to treat those who already have liver disease. This article summarizes the findings of such investigations.

Nano particle targeting brain system

S. Sangeetha — 2022-05-09

The drug delivery to the brain system is a most challenge to the scientist for developing the drug designed for CNS. The major problem is that all the drugs does not passes through BBB, only nanoparticles and highly lipid soluble drugs may pass through. The BBB is a most essential barrier between the circulating blood and the neural tissue. The criteria for drug delivery includes the following, a) the drug must be stable, b)the drug must have access to brain, c) the dose should be sustained and controlled, d) the effect of drug should be localized. The drug may administer either by systemic administration or by direct delivery of drugs into the brain. The polymers which plays an most important role in the advancement of drug delivery technology by providing controlled release of therapeutic effect, administered in the constant dose over a long period of time. The BBB maintains the brain homoeostasis as well as movement of ion and molecule. Failure in this process results in breakdown of brain cell structure. This may leads to a disease such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer’s disease.

Elements deficiency that causes brain diseases

R. Suresh — 2022-05-14

The trace elements deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. Trace metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, copper, potassium, lithium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum etc., are necessary for the growth and function of the brain. The transport of trace metals into the brain is strictly regulated by the brain barrier system. The homeostasis of trace metals in the brain is important for brain function and also for the prevention of brain diseases. Women of reproductive age, young children and age person are particularly vulnerable to the element deficiency diseases.