International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR)

Phytochemical Evaluation and Screening of Anthelmintic Activity of Samanea saman Root

2024-07-16T07:47:44+00:00

Since plants possess diverse medicinal properties because of having some specific active ingredients, different organs of the same plant species may be effective against different diseases, or in some cases, if one organ has a healing effect, the other may be toxic, due to the presence of different active ingredients. The genus Samanea saman is the largest and more diverse of the family, comprising more than 560 species of vines, lianas, trees, and shrubs, commonly used for their fruits and derivatives, and as ornamental and medicinal plants. Samanea saman is a prominent medicinal plant with major phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic and steroids constituents those are potent for potential therapeutic practice. The present aim of the research work is to assess the anthelmintic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Samanea saman root against Indian earth worms. Albendazole was used as standard reference and saline water as control. The anthelmintic activity of ethyl acetate extract was comparable with that of standard drug albendazole. At the concentration of 100 mg/ml extract of showed similar significant activity as compared to the standard drug albendazole (100 mg/ml), the time of paralysis and death being 15 min and 25 min respectively. Further work will emphasize the isolation and characterization of active principles responsible for anthelmintic activity of Samanea saman.

Exploration of anti-urolithiatic potential of ethanolic root extract of Pisonia alba in wistar rats

2024-07-24T07:06:23+00:00

The root of Pisonia alba (Family: Nyctaginaceae), extract was investigated for its antiurolithiatic activity. Ethylene glycol (0.75% in water) feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Ethanolic extract (250 & 500 mg/kg) of P. alba was given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Supplementation with extract significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Furthermore, high serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by the extract. The results were comparable with the standard drug, cystone (750 mg/kg). The reduction of stone-forming constituents in urine and their decreased kidney retention reduces the solubility product of crystallizing salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, which could contribute to the antiurolithiatic property of the extract. These findings affirm assertions made regarding the effectiveness of the extract of this plant against urinary pathologies in Indian folk medicine.

Evaluation of anti-epileptic activity of tuberous barks of morinda reticulata gamble by maximal electroshock and isoniazid induced convulsion in wistar rats

2024-07-26T16:28:41+00:00

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of tuberous barks of Morinda reticulata gamble in mice. The antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of M. reticulata at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. was evaluated by maximum electroshock (MES), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and isoniazid (INH)-induced convulsions in mice. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test. In MES method, the chloroform extract significantly protected the mice from convulsions induced by electroshock method in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited more activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg when compared with Phenytoin (25mg/kg p.o) treated animals. In PTZ method, the extract inhibited convulsions in mice potent than standard drug. In INH method, it delayed the latency of convulsions in mice in a dose-dependent manner. The ethanolic extract exhibited significant and dose-dependent antiepileptic activity, which may be due to the presence of antioxidant principles like flavonoids.

Evaluation of in-vitro and in-vivo anticancer activity of leaf extracts of pisonia alba

2024-07-26T16:37:58+00:00

Pisonia alba leaves have been traditionally used for many ailments including cancer. In the present study, anti-cancer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Pisonia alba (EEPA) was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo methods. EEPA was subjected to preliminary qualitative phytochemical investigations by using standard procedures. In vitro antitumor activity of EEPA was evaluated by the MTT assay method using The human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Then the extract subjected to in vivo anti cancer activity using Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) tumor model. The activity was assessed Increase in life span, average increase in body weight, changes in food intake, tumor volume, tumor weight, viable cell count, non viable cell count, PCV, Total cell count and hematological studies. The potency of the extract was compared with standard 5-flurouracil (20 mg/kg i.p.).In in vitro anti cancer activity EEPA exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against both cell lines even at different concentrations. Oral administration of EEPA at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/Kg, significantly (p < 0.001) increased the survival time, non viable cell count and decreased the average body weight and food intake, viable cell count of the tumor bearing mice. After 14 days of inoculation, EEPA was able to reverse the changes in the hematological parameters, protein and PCV consequent to tumor inoculation.The results indicate that EEPA possess significant antitumor activity on dose dependent manner.

Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection and Management of Type 2 Diabetes

2024-07-26T16:47:27+00:00

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction. It has become a significant public health issue due to its rising prevalence and association with various complications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TYPE 2 DIABETES, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management strategies. We also discuss the latest advancements in treatment and ongoing research aimed at improving patient outcomes. Identifying and understanding biomarkers for TYPE 2 DIABETES can significantly enhance diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and inform therapeutic strategies. This review explores emerging biomarkers in TYPE 2 DIABETES, focusing on their role in diagnosis, disease progression, and potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic biomarkers, highlighting recent advancements and future directions in the field.

Anti-parkinsoniasm Effect Of Syzygium Cumini Fruit Attenuates MPTP Induced Parkinsonism In Mice

2024-07-26T17:02:31+00:00

The present investigation has been undertaken as study the anti-parkinson activity of ethanolic extract of syzygium cumini fruit.The plant Syzygiumcumini of family Myrtaceae an ayurvedic herb which is known for its significant medical properties. Experiments were conducted following standard procedures. The ethanolic extract of Syzygiumcumini were evaluated for their invivo antioxidant and anti-parkison properties and neurotransmitters level. The antiparkinson activity of EESC was evaluated using MPTP induced parkinson models. Levodopa was used as standard. Extracts treated groups showed higher invivo antioxidant and antiparkinson activities. They also showed higher activity in neurotransmitters level. EESC exhibited better anti-parkinson activity that of standard. The result may be attributed to the chemical constituents such as cyanidindiglycosides present in it which may be due to their individual or cumulative effect that enhanced anti-parkinson activity and provided scientific evidence of the ethnomedicinal futures of syzygiumcumini fruit. These findings could justify the inclusion of this plant in the management of parkinson’s disease.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant & anti-coagulant effects of elettaria cardamomum extract in sprague dawley rats

2024-07-31T16:35:38+00:00

Elettaria cardamomum seeds belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae. Many of its phyto constituents have been found to possess a wide spectrum of activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and memory-enhancing. To better explore the bioactivity potential of Elettaria cardamomum we investigated the phytochemical screening In Vitro Antioxidant Activity using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Reducing Power Assay, anti-coagulant activity using Measurement of Bleeding Time, Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (Aptt). The phytochemical analysis of Elettaria cardamomum extracts revealed a wide range of bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, anthraquinones, and reducing sugars. The anti-oxidant activity results showed a dose-dependent increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity, Both Elettaria Cardamomum extract and ascorbic acid demonstrate an increase in total antioxidant capacity with higher concentrations, in reducing power assay both Elettaria Cardamomum extract and ascorbic acid show a dose-dependent increase in reducing power. In anti-coagulant activity the results indicate the extract at 300 mg/kg showed a more pronounced increase in bleeding time, increased the prothrombin time, slightly increased aPTT, at higher dose showed more substantial effect, similar to aspirin. In conclusion the Elettaria cardamomum extract possess significant antioxidant and anticoagulant properties. Further research is needed to isolate specific active compounds.

A Prospective Investigation of the Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Prescribing Cephalosporins to Patients Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital

2024-08-16T06:23:53+00:00

The main aim of the project a prospective study on due and appropriateness of prescribing cephalosporin’s in patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital. This study was conducted in inpatient medicine department in a tertiary care hospital. The all the patient admitted during the study period form inpatient basis were reviewed prospectively on daily basis by the study clinical pharmacist. The patient who met the study criteria was included into the study. The study results showed that the most prescribed cephalosporins were ceftriaxone, cefatoxime, cefexime, cefepime and ceftazidime. The most common infections were Enteric fever, pneumonia, AECB, meningitis, UTI, URTI, Septicemia, Skin and STD, Bone and Joint, Endocarditis. Out of 5 cephalosporins which are commonly prescribed by the clinicians of in a tertiary care Hospital, only ceftriaxone and cefotaxime was available in the hospital during the study period. Drug utilization guidelines increased the appropriateness of use of cephalosporins with respect to all the parameters. Maximum improvement was observed with respect to dose (21.67%), followed by avoiding drug interaction (18.66%), frequency of administration (23%), duration of therapy (9.88%) and choice of drug(13.68%). In conclusion this drug utilization evaluation study improved the use of cephalosporins in the medicine department. Results showed marked decrease in inappropriate use of cephalosporins and increased their appropriate use. The prepared guidelines for the use of cephalosporins had a positive impact in the clinical practice and was well accepted by the practitioners and proved to be useful in their clinical practice.

Introduction To Drug Discovery: Review Article

2024-08-17T07:33:03+00:00

Drug discovery is a very prolonged process that is very time-consuming and expensive. It mainly includes the pre-discovery stage, the drug discovery stage, pre-clinical development, clinical development, and regulatory approval. In the pre-clinical phase, the potential drug candidates are thoroughly refined, optimized, and rigorously tested in a laboratory setting using various animal models and tissue samples. The four phases of clinical trials—Phases I, II, III, and IV—provide a structured framework for assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs in human subjects. Early drug discovery research programs generate information to form the hypothesis that the destruction or activation of pathways or proteins exerts a therapeutic effect in disease conditions. Thereby, the selection of target molecules undergoes validation processes before drug discovery.

Lost your head? Don’t worry science has got you covered

2024-08-17T07:55:47+00:00

The Great head Exchangeare full body exchange is an research oriented operative procedure associated with implanting head replacement on the different body. In several research, the recipient’s head remains in place, although in order’s occurred earlier researching the use of animals started in the early 1900s.Since 2024 temporary success have been achieved. Our analysis of previous event recognized the succeeding significant techniques.Consideration Affiliated to carrying out a head replacement and maintenance ofarterial blood flow to brain using vessels connection, supply of immune system suppressants,vertebral link and merging fallowing spinal cord implantation, regulation in recipient.Numerous animals based on studies, evidence to maintain optimal brain perfusion in the recipient andsuccessfully suppressing the immune system.

A review article on drugs used in treatment of HIV virus

2024-08-17T08:25:07+00:00

HIV treatment has evolved significantly since the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review examines the progression from monotherapy to contemporary combination ART regimens. We cover the different classes of antiretroviral drugs, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of single-tablet regimens, treatment simplification, and the role of pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review addresses issues related to drug resistance, treatment failure, and comorbidities. Additionally, we explore recent advancements in long-acting injectables, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The review concludes by underscoring the importance of personalized treatment strategies, adherence support, and ongoing research to enhance HIV treatment outcomes and achieve optimal viral suppression.

Prospective Study Of Quality Of Life, Drug Use, Clinical Outcome And Side Effects In Patients With Chronic Urticaria At a Tertiary Medical College.

2024-08-29T08:50:22+00:00

Introduction: Chronic urticaria (CU) is a persistent dermatological condition marked by recurring hives, angioedema, or both, lasting over six weeks. It affects a significant portion of the population, leading to substantial physical, emotional, and functional impairments, including sleep disturbances, fatigue, and irritability, thereby significantly reducing the quality of life.

Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months, including 100 CU patients. The study compared the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS), Total severity scores and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Patient compliance was assessed using the Morisky Green Levine Scale (MGLS).

Results: Out of the 100 patients, 55% were treated with second-generation antihistamines alone, 32% with a combination of first and second-generation antihistamines, and 13% with a combination of second-generation antihistamines and corticosteroids. Patients treated with the latter combination showed significant improvements: UAS reduced from 6.0 to 1.0, total severity scores from 11.0 to 3.0, and DLQI scores from 25.0 to 8.0 (all p-values < 0.001). Side effects were tolerable, with 26% of patients experiencing somnolence, nausea, dry mouth, or abdominal pain. High treatment compliance was noted in 22% of patients, medium compliance in 49%, and low compliance in 29%.

Conclusion: This present study reaffirms the effectiveness of second-generation antihistamines and corticosteroids in managing chronic urticaria (CU) symptoms, aligning with previous research. However, we found that combining first and second-generation antihistamines improves patient’s quality of life compared to second-generation antihistamines alone with minimum side effects.

A Review On Colorectal Cancer And Its Chemotherapeutic Management

2024-08-29T17:06:10+00:00

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death. Almost 64% of patients are affecting with CRC in the next 20 years in India and China. Nearly 60,800 deaths happening worldwide with CRC. Gender wise epidemiological data of CRC reveals that 1 in 23 males and 1 in 25 females are affecting, making it the third most common cancer, with. CRC accounts for 8% of all cancer-related deaths, making it the second most common cause of death due to cancer. In order to achieve improved survival rates, chemotherapy in conjunction with surgery is the cornerstone of treatment for colorectal cancer. The patients at the early stage of CRC (stage-1 and 2), survival rate for 5 years’ time is recorded above 60%. Although 5 years survival rate for patients at the early stage of CRC (stage-1 and 2) is above 60%. More than 50% of patients are diagnosed at or beyond stage-3, when distant metastasis has already occurred. In which case, 5 years survival rate drops to 10%. Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients has seen significant change in the last several years. Recent clinical trials data suggests that chemotherapy may increase a patient`s chances of survival for some individuals who have had colorectal cancer surgically unconcerned. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used as a first line of drug in systemic chemotherapy in both adjuvant and palliative therapy. The combination of 5-FU/Leucovorin & oxaliplatin and 5-FU/leucovorin and irinotecan is used as an effective combination therapy for the treatment of metastatic CRC. However, the 5-FU may show drug resistance in some cases after surgery. The 5-FU is more effective when they give in combination with drugs like Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan… The treatment for chemoresistance in CRC is briefly discussed.

A review on tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, and CA242) as powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tools in Colorectal Cancer.

2024-08-29T17:21:57+00:00

Colorectal tumors are formed due to alterations in cell adhesion in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) at the locations of the colon and rectum in the large intestine. These tumors secrete several types of biochemical substances known as tumor markers which are usually protein in nature. Tumor markers are byproducts of cancer cells which are released into blood circulation. These tumor markers are helpful in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of colorectal cancer. The levels of tumor markers significantly increase along with the progression of the size of carcinoma in the biological system. Various therapeutic approaches like surgical, radiation, or adjuvant chemotherapy will result in decreasing levels of the tumor markers. Estimation of the relevant tumor markers are useful tool for the assessment of pathology as well as in the therapeutic assessment of the disease. This review highlighted the significance of tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, and CA242) as powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for Colorectal Cancer.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Drug-Drug Interactions in Geriatric Inpatients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Calicut

2024-09-02T08:34:46+00:00

Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are highly prevalent in geriatric patients due to polypharmacy, multimorbidity and age-related pharmacokinetic changes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and patterns of potential DDIs in elderly inpatients.

Objectives: To evaluate prevalence, severity, mechanisms of DDIs and the influence of polypharmacy and comorbidities on DDIs in geriatric inpatients.

Methodology: A retrospective cross- sectional study was conducted on discharge medication records of 106 patients aged ≥60 years admitted during January-June 2022. DDIs were identified using drugs.com software and analyzed for prevalence, severity, mechanism and management.

Results: Out of 106 patients, 70.75% had at least one DDI. A total of 184 DDIs were detected with a mean of 1.74 DDIs per patient. Majority were moderate (72.83%) followed by minor (16.3%) and major (10.87%). Most were pharmacodynamic (61.41%) compared to pharmacokinetic (38.59%). Polypharmacy and comorbidities significantly influenced DDI prevalence (p<0.05).

Conclusion: High prevalence of DDIs emphasizes the need for routine medication review and monitoring in geriatric inpatients, especially those with polypharmacy and multiple comorbidities to improve medication safety.

Assessment of Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

2024-09-03T11:25:14+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. In recent years, studies have reported an association between type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment. However cognitive dysfunction often goes undetected in diabetic patients.

Objectives: To assess the cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) and evaluate its association with cognition, demographic factors and diabetes duration.

Materials and methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, Kozhikode.190 type 2 diabetic patients aged 45-65 years were included using defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Cognitive impairment was assessed using MMSE scale with scores ranging from 0-30(lower scores indicate more impairment). Demographic data and diabetes duration were recorded. Data analyzed using SPSS software. A Chi- square test to determine statistical significance.

Results: Rates of cognitive dysfunction increased with age, highest being 97.36% in the 56- 60 age groups. Females had a slightly higher rate (94.11%) compared to males (91.42%). A strong association was seen between longer diabetes duration and cognitive impairment with 100% of patients having dysfunction in the 11-15 and 21-25 duration groups. 7.36% had normal cognition, while 44.73% had mild, 42.10% had moderate and 5.78% had severe cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunction significantly associated with increasing age and longer duration of diabetes (p<0.01). No significant association was found between cognitive impairment and gender or occupation.

Conclusion: The study establish a significant statistical association between type 2 diabetes and mild cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunction appears to be an unrecognized complication, with duration of diabetes and age being major risk factors. Early recognition and management of cognitive impairment in diabetics is crucial for improving quality of life.

Evaluation of anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant potential of natural product

2024-09-05T16:56:27+00:00

Objective: To evaluate the anti - anxiety and anticonvulsant effect of Shilajit.

Methods: The anticonvulsant effect of the Shilajit (100 and 200 mg/kg) were evaluated in rat using the Maximal electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure models. Standard drug taken for MES model was Phenytoin 20mg/kg. In PTZ model standard drug taken was diazepam 5mg/kg. Anxiolytic activity was evaluated in rat using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field test. Diazepam 2mg/kg was taken as standard anxiolytic drug in both the models.

Results: in MES model Shilajit significantly decreased duration of tonic hind limb flexion (sec.), duration of tonic hind limb extension (sec.) clonus (sec.) and strupor (sec.) phase. In PTZ model it significantly delayed onset of clonus and tonic convulsion in a dose dependent manner. In EPM number of entry to open arm and average time spent in open arm significantly increased. In Open field test number of squares crossed and number of rearing are significantly increased.

Conclusion: It is concluded that Shilajit possess significant anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant activity.

Network Pharmacology Approach for Medicinal Plants-Review

2024-09-05T17:10:48+00:00

Natural products are invaluable in medicine because they can bind to and alter cellular sites associated with disease. Many bioactive scaffolds are available in medicinal plants that can be used to treat a wide range of illnesses, their promise in traditional medicines is highlighted by easy accessibility, affordability, and reduced harmful effects. In order to develop novel treatments, biomedical research has focused heavily on the identification of pharmacological targets from the active components of medicinal plants. Network Pharmacology is turning into a systematic paradigm and a frontier research area of drug discovery and development by creating an unparalleled opportunity for the scientific study of traditional medicines. The development of Network Pharmacology has created new opportunities for comprehending the intricate bioactive elements present in a wide range of therapeutic plants. Network pharmacological would also establish a protocol for the discovery of new chemicals to investigate the complete biological potential of traditionally utilized plants. Research work is made an effort to address this extensive subject in the review form. Using network pharmacology techniques, we anticipate it will be a major pioneer for researchers dealing with therapeutic plants.