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Abstract
The human microbiome, a dynamic and complex ecosystem of microorganisms living on and within the body, is increasingly recognized for its critical role in health and disease. This paper investigates the diverse functions of the microbiome, particularly its contributions to metabolic processes, immune system modulation and the development of various diseases. A significant focus is placed on the gut microbiome's influence on digestion, vitamin production and overall systemic health through metabolites like short-chain fatty acids. The skin, oral and urinary microbiomes are also explored for their contributions to disease prevention and immune function. The review provides a historical perspective on microbiome research, emphasizing the impact of advancements in metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics on our understanding of these microbial communities. Despite considerable progress, challenges persist in applying microbiome research to therapeutic contexts, given the complexity of microbial ecosystems, individual variability and technical limitations. The potential of microbiome-based therapies, such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants, in treating conditions ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to mental health issues is highlighted, alongside a discussion on the ethical implications of microbiome research. The paper concludes by discussing the role of personalized medicine, microbiome-based therapeutic discoveries and AI- driven microbiome sequencing in future treatments.