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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that profoundly affects both motor and non-motor domains, resulting in a substantial decline in patients’ quality of life. Clinically, Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically presents with bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability, although a range of non-motor symptoms including depression, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction can emerge over time. Despite levodopa remaining the mainstay of treatment, its long-term use often leads to complications such as dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. In recent years, advances in our understanding of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathophysiology particularly the aggregation of alpha-synuclein and the significance of neuroinflammation have paved the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting disease modification and neuroprotection. This review provides an extensive examination of the latest trends in managing Parkinson’s disease, covering both established pharmacological therapies (e.g., dopaminergic agents, MAO-B inhibitors, and iron chelators) and newer approaches (e.g., immunotherapies, wearable devices, and mobile applications). We also emphasize the importance of non-pharmacological interventions, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and cognitive training, in addressing the multidimensional impact of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Furthermore, integrative or holistic care models that combine lifestyle modifications, psychosocial support, and technology-driven monitoring are explored to offer a more comprehensive, patient-centered framework. By synthesizing current evidence, this manuscript underscores the need for multidisciplinary, individualized care for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and highlights avenues for future research that may reshape the treatment paradigm of this complex disorder.

Keywords

Parkinson’s Disease Alpha-Synuclein Neuroprotection Immunotherapy Wearable Technology Non-Pharmacological Therapy Neuroinflammation Holistic Care

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